Many displays found in smartphones and televisions rely on thin-film transistors (TFTs) made from indium gallium zinc oxide ...

In semiconductors, however, the gap between the valence band and conduction band is very small. In our highway analogy, this gap might be analogous to a narrow strip of pavement that cars can easily ...

For this to work, the energy difference between the conduction band and the valence band needs to be reversed. This can be done by applying a very large electric field to the semiconductor.

A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons (bound pairs of conduction band electrons and valence band ...

Electrons can exist in the valence band, where they are stuck bound to a local atom, or they can be in the conduction band, where they are free to move around.

Using optical excitation to create non-moving excitons—that is, excitons located at the minimum and maximum of the conduction band and valence band, respectively—is standard in insulators.

The thermoelectric properties of many p-type HH compounds have been investigated and improved by engineering the valence band degeneracy.

Insights into atomic-scale defects may enable next-generation thin-film transistors for smartphones, televisions, and ...