A new palladium-loaded amorphous InGaZnOx (a-IGZO) catalyst achieved over 91% selectivity when converting carbon dioxide to ...

Semiconductors are at the heart of most electronics. We explain what semiconductors are, how they work, and just how tiny those transistors can get.

As few as five electrons in a semiconductor can exhibit collective behaviour, forming a “Coulomb liquid”, according to researchers in Europe. This extends the study of correlated systems to electron ...

In conductors, the valence band (which holds electrons) and the conduction band (where electrons move freely) overlap, enabling easy electron flow. Insulators, by contrast, have a large band gap ...

A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons (bound pairs of conduction band electrons and valence band ...

The semiconductor's electron-occupied outermost energy level is known as the valence band. By applying the appropriate amount of energy, electrons in the valence band's orbitals are excited into the ...

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Semiconductors rely on quantum effects such as band gaps, so we do have to discuss a bit of quantum stuff—we'll stick to plain language as much as possible. First, a bit of background.