Plasma, the fourth state of matter, is created by applying electrical energy to a gas, causing ion formation. When an energy source, such as electrical energy or radio waves, transfers energy to gas ...

Plasma treatment encompasses a suite of techniques in which ionised gases—often generated at or near ambient temperature—interact with surfaces, liquids or gases to effect chemical, physical and ...

Hydrophobic surfaces show low surface energy, so water droplets tend to repel against the surface and create beads that form a spherical droplet with a high water contact angle (>90°). Surfaces can be ...

A 2026 mini review finds that fluidized particles can refresh catalytic surfaces and enhance plasma-driven reactions, but ...

A closed-form mathematical criterion derived from a logistic growth-inactivation balance identifies the latest moment a UV-C ...