An insulator has a band structure in which occupied and empty bands are separated by an energy gap. The existence of an energy gap, however, does not guarantee that a material is a simple insulator.

Semiconductor Physics and Flat Band Potential Semiconductors are materials with electrical properties that lie between those of conductors and insulators. In semiconductors, valence electrons occupy ...

In insulators, these permitted energy bands are separated from each other ... in which it could move from atom to atom through the material. This means that all electrons remain in place and ...

Additionally, nanostructuring—altering the material's structure at the nanoscale—has emerged as a powerful method to engineer band gaps. Despite its potential, Band Gap Engineering faces challenges, ...