They simulated a Czochralski process for an ingot ... the silicon growth phase in a Czochralski (CZ) puller, which is commonly used for the production of monocrystalline or single-crystal silicon ...

At the base is polysilicon - a high-purity, fine-grained crystalline silicon product, which is turned into ingot and wafers. Silicon wafers are then fabricated into photovoltaic (PV) cells. Listing ...