Richard Trevithick’s design had a boiler but this was removed to make the internal combustion engine. The German inventor Nicklaus Otto developed the first four stroke engine in 1876.

As with many inventions, two people had the idea for an integrated circuit at almost the same time. Transistors had become commonplace in everything from radios to phones to computers, and now ...

Pedagogically, study of IC consists of three interconnected areas ... Since the first transistor was invented in 1947, the current chip technology has advanced to a point where the largest number of ...