This band structure typically consists of a conduction band composed of bonding orbitals (which have symmetric wave functions), and a valence band composed of antibonding orbitals (antisymmetric ...

In semiconductors, valence electrons occupy energy bands, with the valence band (lower energy ... including the material properties, pH, and crystal structure of the semiconductor. Understanding these ...

Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS): UPS utilizes ultraviolet photons (typically from a He discharge lamp) to investigate the valence band structure and electronic properties of materials.