Semiconductors rely on quantum effects such as band gaps, so we do have to discuss a bit of quantum stuff—we'll stick to plain language as much as possible. First, a bit of background.

In semiconductor physics, the flat band potential is a critical parameter that influences the properties and behavior of semiconductors in contact with other materials, such as electrolytes or p-n ...

Techniques for Band Gap Engineering vary, including doping, the introduction of impurities into a semiconductor to alter its electrical properties; strain engineering, where stress is applied to ...

"This perspective was further explored in our recent work on future transistors, where we collaborated with leading experts from the semiconductor ... for energy-band non-parabolicity effects ...