Adding impurities is known as "doping," and it's how one turns a semiconductor into N- or P-type. As they pulled the seed crystal out of an N-type germanium melt, they quickly added some gallium ...

P-type semiconductors use dopants that act as electron acceptors. Boron fits into the crystal lattice just like silicon atoms, but since boron has only three electrons to use, a kind of hole is ...

Current coming in one contact would cause the germanium crystal to boost the strength ... MOSFETs have a channel of either N- or P- type semiconductor running through a ridge on top of the other ...

Researchers have for the first time observed a time crystal on a microscale semiconductor chip oscillating at a rate of several billion times per second, unveiling exceptionally high non-linear ...