N-type semiconductors use dopant atoms from elements in group V, with five or more electrons in their valence shell. Readily available phosphorus is a common choice. The "spare" electron from each ...

But with the addition of tiny amounts of other elements, which provide carriers ... Two slices of N-type semiconductor, the emitter and the collector, form a sandwich with a layer of P-type ...

A solar cell is made of two types of semiconductors, called p-type and n-type silicon. The p-type silicon is produced by adding atoms—such as boron or gallium—that have one less electron in their ...

KALAMAZOO, Mich.—In a world concerned about the dwindling supply and skyrocketing prices of rare elements used to make semiconductors, an international team of scientists and engineers has ...