Understanding chorus waves is vital, as they create fast-moving, highly energetic electrons (known as killer electrons) that ...

Chorus waves, quick bursts of energy known to occur relatively close to Earth and around other planets, were found in an ...

"These electron holes associated with chorus waves have been well studied by simulations and have now been observed in situ," write the researchers. As chorus waves represent some of the strongest ...

Because boron has one less electron than is required to form the bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms, an electron vacancy or “hole” is created. The n-type silicon is made by including atoms that ...